Sugar in space

Astronomers have made a sweet discovery: simple sugar molecules floating in the gas around a star some 400 light-years away, suggesting the possibility of life on other planets.

The discovery doesn't prove that life has developed elsewhere in the universe—but it implies that there is no reason it could not. It shows that the carbon-rich molecules that are the building blocks of life can be present even before planets have begun forming.

Scientists use the term "sugar" to loosely refer to organic molecules known as carbohydrates, which are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

The molecules that the team detected in space are the simplest form of sugar, called glycoaldehyde, explained lead astronomer Jes Jørgensen of Denmark's Copenhagen University.

Glycoaldehyde can be found on Earth, usually in the form of an odorless white powder. While it isn't used to sweeten foods, it is important because scientists think it plays a key role in the chemical reaction that forms ribonucleic acid (RNA), a crucial biomolecule present in all living cells.

It's still unclear exactly how glycoaldehyde is produced in space, but observations suggest it forms on ice-covered dust grains in the dense, cold parts of interstellar molecular clouds, Jørgensen said.

(See "Star Found Shooting Water 'Bullets.'")

Sugary Find a First in Space

This marks the first time sugar has been spotted so close to a sunlike star.

Previously, glycoaldehyde had been found in only two other places in space: near the center of the giant cloud of gas and dust at the heart of our own Milky Way galaxy, and in a massive star-forming region located 26,000 light-years from Earth.

"Both of these regions are much further away and were observed with much worse resolution, [so] it was not possible for the astronomers to pinpoint the location of the molecules," Jørgensen said.

(Also see "Life on Mars Found by NASA's Viking Mission?")

The new discovery, which focused on the warm gas swaddling a young star called IRAS 16293-2422, was made using the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA), a large radio telescope located in Chile.

"These results are giving us and other astronomers ammunition," Jørgensen said, "to go out and look for other prebiotic, and possibly more complex, molecules in regions where stars and planets are forming."

Longest Giant Crocodile In the world

All  time big crocodile was found which is 6.13 meters(20.25feets) long and it's weight is about  1075 kilograms  which is a salt water crocodile which was found in Philippines Bunawan township .

Narendra Damodar Das Modi 's HAT HRRICK

Narendra Damodar Das Modi won the chief ministerial election for the third time in Gujarat in a HAAT TRICK. The simple man who was born in a poor family at a village in Gujarat .At the age of 17 they boy was inspired my the ideology of the RSS and left home and joined the RSS. He worked in the various social political events in Gujarat and in various state. He worked under the great leaders of RSS  and become a sangh pracharak. He have done his Masters in political science .After working for a long in RSS he joined the main stream of politic in 1987 in BJP. He was known for his leadership and organisational skills. Due to his great work in the party he was appointed as the General secretary in the BJP. Later he worked hard in Gujarat with the great leaders of Gujarat like LK Advani, Keshubhai patel. BJP came in to power in Gujarat  Narendra  Modi became the Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 for the 1st time. In 2002 the godra riots took place, where several Hindus where burnt in a train which was coming from Ram Temple in UP(Ayodhya). The great anger bust out of Hindus and many Muslims where killed. There was a great loss of life in the riots. The pleasure was mount on the Narendra modi  for his resignation. He wrote a letter to the governor and asked for the dissolution of the Assembly. The election where conducted and the Narendra modi won with 2/3rd of the majority and again became the CM of the Gujarat  He repeated his win in 2007 with 2/3rd of the majority. He work hard and made Gujarat a better and fastest growing state in the world. He was ranked as the number 1 CM for more then 10 years by the India today magazine. Gujarat is rated as the one of the best infrastructure city and the highest GDP growth state in the country. In 2012 elections which took in two phases on 13 and 17. The results where announced on 20Nov2012 Modi again won with 115 seats for the third time in a HAT TRICK.After this win The voice for PM2014 is growing high in People for SRI Narendra Modi. With his voice of  development he is the best and the front runner in the country for the prime ministerial candidate in the BJP.

Noble prize winners in 2012

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS 2012:- 
                 
Serge Haroche,                                               David J. Wineland
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/advanced-physicsprize2012_02.pdf

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN CHEMISTRY 2012:-
        
 Robert J. Lefkowitz,                           Brian K. Kobilka

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE 2012:- 
      
Sir John B. Gurdon,                            Shinya Yamanaka
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2012/advanced-medicineprize2012.pdf

THE NOBEL PRIZE IN LITERATURE 2012:- 

Mo Yan 
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/2012/press.pdf

tHE PRIZE IN ECONOMIC SCIENCES 2012:-
       
 Alvin E. Roth,                                     Lloyd S. Shapley
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2012/advanced-economicsciences2012.pdf

THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE 2012:-

 European Union (EU) 

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 is awarded to Brian K. Kobilka and Robert J Lefkowitz for there study in G-protein–coupled receptors

G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a remarkable modular system that allows 
transmission of a wide variety of signals over the cell membrane, between cells and over long 
distances in the body. Today, we understand the molecular mechanism of how these receptors 
work in intricate detail, in large part because of the studies by Kobilka and Lefkowitz.
Background
Every human cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane, a phospholipid bilayer. The 
membrane makes it possible for the cell to maintain a specific mix of biochemically active 
species, while preventing unwanted entry of other substances from the outside 
environment. For proper function, the biochemical machinery inside a cell needs to be able 
to receive instructions from the outside. 
Changes in hormone levels on the outside of the cell elicit adaptive changes in enzyme 
activity on the inside. Odour molecules affect cells in the olfactory epithelium and 
substances in the food influence chemical activities in tastebud cells, which in turn elicit 
electrical signals that transfer information to the brain. 
Indeed, human cells are constantly communicating with each other and the surrounding 
environment, which requires a molecular framework and a mechanism for transmission of 
information across the plasma membrane. Moreover, in the body, signal transmission may 
take place over long distances. To be able to respond promptly, the brain needs rapid 
information from our senses, for vision, smell, taste and more. Again, this requires a 
molecular mechanism for transmission of information over the plasma membrane. 

The molecular framework consists of G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). Those are 
proteins located in the plasma membrane. The name GPCR refers to a common mode of 
receptor signalling via GTP-binding proteins on the inside of the cell. Because their 
polypeptide chain passes seven times through the plasma membrane, the GPCRs are also 
called seven-transmembrane (7TM) receptors. They mediate a wide range of physiological 
signals from the outside of the cell. The signal can be a change in concentration of peptides, 
hormones, lipids, neurotransmitters, ions, odourants, tastants, etc., or an influx of photons 
to the eye. GPCRs convey these signals to the inside of the cell and elicit a series of 
reactions involving other proteins, nucleotides and metal ions, which eventually deliver a 
message and an appropriate cellular and physiological response.
Many physiological processes in mammals depend on 7TM receptors, which are also the 
targets for a large portion of all pharmaceuticals drugs. About a thousand human genes 
code for 7TM receptors (1,2), and they are involved in sensing a wide range of extracellular 
stimuli. Examples include the adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptors, histamine 
receptors, the light receptor rhodopsin, and the many odor and taste receptors. 

Reference to   http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/advanced-chemistryprize2012.pdf

Opening New Possibilities for Early Disease Detection:NYU-Poly Researchers Set Record for Detecting Smallest Virus

Researchers at Polytechnic Institute of New York University (NYU-Poly) have created an ultra-sensitive biosensor capable of identifying the smallest single virus particles in solution, an advance that may revolutionize early disease detection in a point-of-care setting and shrink test result wait times from weeks to minutes. 

Stephen Arnold, university professor of applied physics and member of the Othmer-Jacobs Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and researchers of NYU-Poly's MicroParticle PhotoPhysics Laboratory for BioPhotonics (MP³L) reported their findings in the most recent issue of Applied Physics Letters, published by the American Institute of Physics.

Their technique is a major advance in a series of experiments to devise a diagnostic method sensitive enough to detect and size a single virus particle in a doctor’s office or field clinic, without the need for special assay preparations or conditions. Normally, such assessment requires the virus to be measured in the vacuum environment of an electron microscope, which adds time, complexity and considerable cost.

Instead, the researchers were able to detect the smallest RNA virus particle MS2, with a mass of only 6 attograms, by amplifying the sensitivity of a biosensor. Within it, light from a tunable laser is guided down a fiber optic cable, where its intensity is measured by a detector on the far end. A small glass sphere is brought into contact with the fiber, diverting the light's path and causing it to orbit within the sphere. This change is recorded as a resonant dip in the transmission through the fiber. When a viral particle makes contact with the sphere, it changes the sphere’s properties, resulting in a detectable shift in resonance frequency.

The smaller the particle, the harder it is to record these changes. Viruses such as influenza are fairly large and have been successfully detected with similar sensors in the past. But many viruses such as Polio are far smaller, as are antibody proteins, and these require increased sensitivity. 

Arnold and his co-researchers achieved this by attaching gold nano-receptors to the resonant microsphere. These receptors are plasmonic, and thus enhance the electric field nearby, making even small disturbances easier to detect.  Each gold “hot spot” is treated with specific molecules to which proteins or viruses are attracted and bind. 

Arnold explained that the inspiration for this breakthrough technique came to him during a concert by violinist Itzhak Perlman: “I was watching Perlman play, and suddenly I wondered what would happen if a particle of dust landed on one of the strings. The frequency would change slightly, but the shift would be imperceptible. Then I wondered what if something sticky was on the string that would only respond to certain kinds of dust?”

In experiments, the researchers successfully detected the smallest RNA virus in solution, and they are now training their sights on detecting single proteins, which would represent a major step toward early disease detection.

“When the body encounters a foreign agent, it responds by producing massive quantities of antibody proteins, which outnumber the virus. If we can identify and detect these single proteins, we can diagnose the presence of a virus far earlier, speeding treatment,” Arnold said. “This also opens up a new realm of possibilities in proteomics,” he said, referring to the study of proteins. “All cancers generate markers, and if we have a test that can detect a single marker at the protein level, it doesn’t get more sensitive than that.” 

This patent-pending technology, co authored with postdoctoral fellow Siyka Shopova and graduate student Raaj Rajmangal, is ultimately designed for a point-of-care device capable of detecting viruses or disease markers in blood, saliva or urine. Testing for commercial applications is already under way.

The sensor itself, called a Whispering Gallery-Mode Biosensor, is unique to Arnold’s work. Its name derives from the famous Whispering Gallery in the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Much the way its unique acoustics allow a whisper to be heard anywhere within the circular gallery, light traveling within the glass sphere of the biosensor orbits many times, ensuring nothing on the surface is missed.

Reference to     http://www.poly.edu/press-release/2012/08/28/nyu-poly-researchers-set-record-detecting-smallest-virus-opening-new-possib 

4G Technology

4G also called as Fourth-Generation Communications System, is a term used to describe the next step in wireless communications. A 4G system can provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis. The data transfer rates are also much higher than previous generations.

The main objectives of 4G are:

1)4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.

2)This will be capable of providing 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and outdoors.

3)It can provide premium quality and high security.

4)4G offer all types of services at an affordable cost.

4G is developed to provide high quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by forthcoming applications such as wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging, Video Chat, Mobile TV, High definition TV content, DVB, minimal service like voice and data, and other streaming services.

4G technology allow high-quality smooth video transmission. It will enable fast downloading of full-length songs or music pieces in real time.

The business and popularity of 4Gmobiles is predicted to be very vast. On an average, by 2009, this 4Gmobile market will be over $400B and it will dominate the wireless communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless infrastructure.

Data Rates For 4G:

The downloading speed for mobile Internet connections is from 9.6 kbit/s for 2G cellular at present. However, in actual use the data rates are usually slower, especially in crowded areas, or when there is congestion in network.

4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second which means that it will be about 10-20 times faster than standard ASDL services.

In terms of connection seeds, 4G will be about 200 times faster than present 2G mobile data rates, and about 10 times faster than 3G broadband mobile. 3G data rates are currently 2Mbit/sec, which is very fast compared to 2G's 9.6Kbit/sec.




 To  know more about the 4G technology click diz http://www.canavents.com/its2008/abstracts/169.pdf

Nasa discovers new solar system

Nasa announces the discovery of Kepler-11, six new planets orbiting around a star
http://beta.in.news.yahoo.com/video/itn_worldnews_new-5127647/nasa-discovers-new-solar-system-24055318.html

How Saturn's rings and inner moons were formed

According to a new study, Saturn's rings and inner moons were formed after the collision of a large satellite with the planet.

Saturn's rings are at present 90 to 95 percent water ice. Previous studies suggest that the rings formed when a small satellite was disrupted by an impacting comet.

"This scenario would have likely resulted in rings that were a mixture of rock and ice, rather than the ice-rich rings we see today," said Dr. Robin M. Canup, associate vice president of the SwRI Planetary Science Directorate in Boulder.

But the new study links the formation of the rings to the formation of Saturn's satellites.

Previous studies suggest that that multiple Titan-sized satellites originally formed at Saturn, but as their orbits spiralled into the planet, they were lost.

As they neared Saturn, the heat would cause its ice to melt and its rock to sink to its center. Such a satellite crosses the region of the current B ring, planetary tidal forces strip material from its outer icy layers, while its rocky core remains intact and eventually collides with the planet.

This produces an initial ice ring that is much more massive than Saturn's current rings.

"The new model proposes that the rings are primordial, formed from the same events that left Titan as Saturn's sole large satellite, " said Canup.

"The implication is that the rings and the Saturnian moons interior to and including Tethys share a coupled origin, and are the last remnants of a lost companion satellite to Titan."

During its extended mission, the Cassini spacecraft will measure the rings' current mass and will indirectly measure the pollution rate of the rings

Test-tube baby pioneer wins medicine Nobel prize

British physiologist Robert Edwards, whose work led to the first "test-tube baby", won the 2010 Nobel prize for medicine or physiology, the prize-awarding institute said on Monday.

Sweden's Karolinska Institute lauded Edwards, 85, for bringing joy to infertile people all over the world.

Known as the father of in-vitro fertilisation (IVF), Edwards picked up the prize of 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.5 million) for a "milestone in the development of modern medicine", the institute said.

As many as 4 million babies have been born since the first test-tube baby in 1978 as a result of the techniques Edwards developed, together with a now-deceased colleague, Patrick Steptoe, it said.

They soldiered on despite opposition from churches, governments and many in the media, as well as scepticism from scientific colleagues.

"His achievements have made it possible to treat infertility, a medical condition afflicting a large proportion of humanity including more than 10 percent of all couples worldwide," the institute said in a statement.

HAPPY BIRTHDAY, LOUISE BROWN

In 1968, Edwards and Steptoe, a gynecologist, developed methods to fertilise human eggs outside the body.

Working at Cambridge University, they began replacing embryos into infertile mothers in 1972. But several pregnancies spontaneously aborted due to what they later discovered were flawed hormone treatments.

In 1977, they tried a new procedure which did not involve hormone treatments and relied instead on precise timing. On July 25 of the next year, Louise Brown, the first test-tube baby, was born.

Edwards and Steptoe founded the first IVF clinic at Cambridge in 1980. Soon after, thousands of test-tube babies were being born in Britain, the United States and elsewhere.

"The most important thing in life is having a child," Edwards has been quoted by his clinic as saying: "Nothing is more special than a child."

Steptoe died in 1988.

Edwards, whose publicist said he is now too ill to give interviews, has mostly been out of the limelight. He won the Lasker Clinical Medical Reserach Award in 2001.

Medicine is traditionally the first of the Nobel prizes awarded each year. Prizes for achievements in science, literature and peace were first awarded in 1901 accordance with the will of dynamite inventor and businessman Alfred Nobel.